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The École nationale d'administration (ENA; (:ekɔl nasjɔnal dadministʁasjɔ̃); (英語:National School of Administration)), one of the French graduate schools (Grandes écoles), was created in 1945 by Charles de Gaulle to democratise access to the senior civil service. It is now entrusted with the selection and initial training of senior French officials. It is one of the most prestigious and elitist French schools, not only for its acceptance rates (1/16 for the "concours externe") but especially because a large majority of the candidates already graduated from the best "Grandes écoles" of the country such as HEC Paris , Sciences Po Paris or the École Polytechnique. The ENA is one of the symbols of the Republican meritocracy, along with École normale supérieure and Ecole polytechnique ("X"), offering its alumni access to high positions within the state. It has now been almost completely relocated to Strasbourg to emphasise its European character, and is now based in the former ''Commanderie Saint-Jean''. The ENA produces less than 100 graduates every year, known as ''énarques'' (). ENA is seen as the method of choice to reach the administrative Grand Corps of the State. The ENA is often compared at the EU level to the College of Europe in Belgium, with which it shares several traditions. In 2002 the Institut international d'administration publique (IIAP) which educated foreign civil servants under a common structure with ENA was fused with it. ==ENA and politics== The main reason for entering ENA is that it has a legal quasi-monopoly over access to some of the most prestigious positions in the French civil service, just as the École polytechnique fulfills this role for other prestigious and technical positions, while some schools like the École nationale des impôts allow access to very specific positions. ENA was created to make recruitment for various high administrative bodies more rational and democratic. According to this approach, a system solely based on academic proficiency and competitive examinations, renders recruitment to top positions more transparent without suspicion of political or personal preference. French law makes it relatively easy for civil servants to enter politics: civil servants who are elected or appointed to a political position do not have to resign their position in the civil service; instead, they are put in a situation of "temporary leave" known as ''disponibilité''. If they are not re-elected or reappointed, they may ask for their reintegration into their service (see Lionel Jospin and Philippe Séguin for examples). In addition, ENA graduates are often recruited as aides by government ministers and other politicians; this makes it easier for some of them to enter a political career. As an example, Dominique de Villepin entered politics as an ''appointed'' official, after serving as an aide to Jacques Chirac, without ever having held an elected position. The ''énarques'' were criticised as early as the 1960s for their technocratic and arrogant ways. Young ''énarque'' Jacques Chirac was, for instance, lampooned in an album of the Asterix series. Such criticism has continued up to present times, with the ''énarques'' being accused of monopolizing positions in higher administration and politics without having to show real competence. It has become a recurrent theme for many French politicians to criticise ENA, even when they themselves are alumni of the school. John Kenneth Galbraith and Pierre Bourdieu have studied the way this school shapes French industry and politics. The key point is that these "énarques" benefit from two main privileges: a monopoly of the top administrative positions within the civil service, and entry into politics and industry without risk. However, only a small proportion of "énarques" (around 1%) actually get involved in politics. Most ENA alumni hold apolitical, technical positions in the French civil service. ENA also participates in international Technical Assistance programmes, funded by the EU or other donors. 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「École nationale d'administration」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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